氯胺酮是最初作为麻醉药开发的 R 与 S 对映体外消旋混合物;艾司氯胺酮是 S 对映体,并且在多个监管体系中都有针对抑郁症特定适应证获批的鼻内制剂。亚麻醉剂量的静脉氯胺酮和鼻内艾司氯胺酮可比传统抗抑郁药快得多地减轻抑郁症状,通常在最初数小时或数天即可观察到。这种快速起效并不等于永久治愈:如果没有后续策略,部分患者会失去获益,因此治疗需要患者选择、监测,并整合到总体治疗计划中。
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